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Lombard Street riot
The Lombard Street riot, one of the Abolition riots, was a three-day race riot in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1842.〔Gregory, Kia. December 7, 2005, ''Philadelphia Weekly''. "()". Accessed April 30, 2008.〕〔Newlin, Heather. phillyhistory.org. "(The Calm After the Storm ). Accessed April 30, 2008.〕 The riot was the last in a 13-year period marked by frequent racial attacks in the city.〔DuBois, W.E.B. ''The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.〕〔Independence Hall Association. "(Philadelphia Timeline, 1842 )". Accessed April 30, 2008.〕 It started on Lombard Street, between Fifth and Eighth streets.
==Background==
In the early decades of the 19th century, there were significant increases in the city's African American population as large numbers of freed and fugitive slaves joined recent immigrants in Philadelphia. During the twenty-five years prior to the run of riots, the city's African American population grew more than 50%. At the same time, there were increasing numbers of Irish immigrants who were also separated from the larger society by their generally rural backgrounds as well as by their Catholic religion. Given European political and religious tensions and the British occupation of Ireland, there had long been strong anti-Catholic feeling among many American Protestants.〔
During the years immediately before the riots, there were periodic outbreaks of racial, ethnic and religious violence among Irish Catholics, German Protestants, African Americans and even pacifist Quakers. These were the result of social and economic competition, especially between Irish Catholics and African Americans, who were generally at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Many Irish refused to work on labor teams with African Americans, adding to the difficulties of both groups in getting work.〔〔
Irish Catholics, often competitors for the lowest-paying, unskilled and menial jobs, perceived the city's more successful African American residents as flaunting their success, setting the stage for the blacks to become targets for the immigrants' frustrations and jealous rage.〔Runcie, John. ''Pennsylvania History'', April 1972, Penn State University Press. "'Hunting the Nigs' in Philadelphia: The Race Riot of August 1834". 39.2, pp 187–218.〕〔Hopper, Matthew S., Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, "(From Refuge to Strength: The Rise of the African American Church in Philadelphia, 1787-1949 )". Accessed 30 December 2012.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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